Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Data within this group show the distribution of stony corals throughout the Indo-Pacific as well as the distribution of the 15 Indo-Pacific corals listed as threatened according to the ESA. Data has been sourced from TNC and Veron's coral atlas and modified to fit the needs of the project. </SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of Protected Resources (OPR).
Name: Marine Ecoregions of the World (MEOW) By Province
Display Field: ECO_CODE
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPolygon
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Here we report on a new global system for coastal and shelf areas: the Marine Ecoregions of the World, or MEOW, a nested system of 12 realms, 62 provinces, and 232 ecoregions. This system provides considerably better spatial resolution than earlier global systems, yet it preserves many common elements and can be cross-referenced to many regional biogeographic classifications. The designation of terrestrial ecoregions has revolutionized priority setting and planning for terrestrial conservation; we anticipate similar benefits from the use of a coherent and credible marine system.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: Mark D. Spalding, Helen E. Fox, Gerald R. Allen, Nick Davidson, Zach A. Ferdaña, Max Finlayson, Benjamin S. Halpern, Miguel A. Jorge, Al Lombana, Sara A. Lourie, Kirsten D. Martin, Edmund McManus, Jennifer Molnar, Cheri A. Recchia, James Robertson, Marine Ecoregions of the World: A Bioregionalization of Coastal and Shelf Areas, BioScience, Volume 57, Issue 7, July 2007, Pages 573–583, https://doi.org/10.1641/B570707
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Here we report on a new global system for coastal and shelf areas: the Marine Ecoregions of the World, or MEOW, a nested system of 12 realms, 62 provinces, and 232 ecoregions. This system provides considerably better spatial resolution than earlier global systems, yet it preserves many common elements and can be cross-referenced to many regional biogeographic classifications. The designation of terrestrial ecoregions has revolutionized priority setting and planning for terrestrial conservation; we anticipate similar benefits from the use of a coherent and credible marine system.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: Mark D. Spalding, Helen E. Fox, Gerald R. Allen, Nick Davidson, Zach A. Ferdaña, Max Finlayson, Benjamin S. Halpern, Miguel A. Jorge, Al Lombana, Sara A. Lourie, Kirsten D. Martin, Edmund McManus, Jennifer Molnar, Cheri A. Recchia, James Robertson, Marine Ecoregions of the World: A Bioregionalization of Coastal and Shelf Areas, BioScience, Volume 57, Issue 7, July 2007, Pages 573–583, https://doi.org/10.1641/B570707
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Stony coral range maps have been drawn by Veron (2000), who kindly made available to us range maps for 794 species. We laid these range maps over the ecoregions to derive a species total for each ecoregion. Note that these stony corals have a wider range than coral reefs. The large physical structures of coral reefs only develop where such corals survive in sufficient densities (and usually diversity) over the long time scales it takes for such structures to form.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: These data were derived by The Nature Conservancy, and were displayed in a map published in The Atlas of Global Conservation (Hoekstra et al., University of California Press, 2010). More information at http://nature.org/atlas.
Name: Number of ESA Coral Species By MEOW Ecoregion
Display Field: ECOREGION
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPolygon
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>The dataset was created by looking at the intersection of Veron's coral distribution maps with each MEOW ecoregion. 1's represent MEOW ecoregions that intersected with a Veron ecoregion that was predicted to contain the coral species. 2's represent MEOW ecoregions that intersected with a Veron ecoregion that is confirmed to have the coral species. The 'sum' field is the total number of corals predicted or confirmed to be within the MEOW ecoregion. </SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of Protected Resources (OPR).
Name: Number of ESA Coral Species by Veron Ecoregion
Display Field: Name
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPolygon
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Meaningful distribution data at species level is dependent on a globally coherent taxonomic framework combined with reliable identifications at site level. Each confirmed distribution point requires that a record, specimen or photograph can be reliably allocated to one particular species rather than another. This is seldom straightforward.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN /></P><P><SPAN>Coral species, like most life, are not conveniently packaged into well- defined units which are readily recognizable everywhere and by everyone. Instead, they are notoriously variable within and between habitats and much more so across their full distribution range. This can make identification a challenge even locally, let alone on the global scale of Coral Geographic.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN /></P><P><SPAN>The long and complex history of coral taxonomy adds a further human dimension of complications arising from contrasting assessments of 'type' specimens of the nominal coral species by different workers, leading to differing taxonomic interpretations and synonymies, all of which are bound to the present by rules of nomenclature, see Overview of Coral Taxonomy.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN /></P><P><SPAN>We are not immune from these issues - the taxonomic framework presented on this website is evolving rapidly and will continue to do so with the increasing use of genetics in taxonomy and phylogeny. For example, we have not ascribed genera to families at present because of the rapid and continuing proposed changes among coral lineages, some of which are conflicting.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN /></P><P><SPAN>These issues come into sharp focus for field workers. It takes a substantial investment of time, effort and resources to develop the skills necessary to discriminate between similar or cryptic species, to know these species well enough to recognize them wherever they occur and to produce consistent, reliable and meaningful accounts of them. All this is readily apparent to those of us who have spent years, in some cases lifetimes, working with corals. Even so, ensuring that the variant ascribed to a species by one researcher in a given part of the world falls within the boundaries of the taxonomic variability we attribute to that species within our taxonomic framework, has often required detailed and time-consuming confirmation and has frequently not been possible.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN /></P><P><SPAN>Importantly, however, this work is not simply a gathering and processing of published information. It is a compilation of our own work to which that of others has been linked. As detailed below, the research of our core team has been global in extent and has addressed all taxa at species level so has the advantage of providing a consistent background against which to assess the records from elsewhere.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN /></P><P><SPAN>Although species records have been examined at site-level wherever available, the overall reliability of such lists is very variable (particularly in relation to cryptic and lesser known species). To deal with this significant source of error, we have chosen to limit distribution records to their presence and absence in a suite of 150 Ecoregions for which we have much higher confidence. Distributions at finer scales will continue to be refined as records at these scales can be confirmed.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN /></P><P><SPAN>Even at ecoregion level there are more than 120,000 data points (›830 species x 150 ecoregions) and, for each of these we have between 0 and 50 or so records of some kind. Each record has been assessed to contribute to our confidence in the presence of a species in an ecoregion.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN /></P><P><SPAN>For certain records, unless there are specimens or images or we have detailed knowledge of the research program in question, there is no easy way of confirming conclusively whether or not the species name associated with the record directly relates to the valid species or entity defined within our taxonomic framework. This is not a reflection on the fieldworker, it is the reality we are faced with in trying to draw into a common taxonomic framework, the records of globally variable and difficult species from a variety of sources.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN /></P><P><SPAN>In our attempts to maintain the quality and integrity of the data presented, it has often been necessary to exclude or downgrade data (including our own) which we have been unable to verify adequately. Wherever possible we will rectify such omissions where further specimens, images or information can be provided for confirmation.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN /></P><P><SPAN>We are also aware that the result will be seen by some as representing the 'world according to Veron et al.'. To the extent that differences between taxonomists are resolved within the Veron et al. collective consensus, this is true, albeit following significant discussion and review of relevant literature, including original descriptions, by the team. But it is also a necessary part of providing a single coherent taxonomic framework from which to make comparisons. We have integrated the taxonomy and views of colleagues wherever possible, and have cited alternative views where integration has not proved feasible (see Taxonomic Notes in the Taxon Finder tool and in each Species Factsheet). Such decisions may be reviewed in the light of feedback to this website.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: Veron J.E.N., Stafford-Smith M.G., Turak E. and DeVantier L.M. (2016). Corals of the World. Accessed 20 November 2016, version 0.01 (Beta). http://coralsoftheworld.org/v0.01.
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Presence of a coral species is highlighted in red. Absence ecoregions have been made transparent </SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of Protected Resources (OPR
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>The dataset was created by looking at the intersection of Veron's coral distribution maps with each MEOW ecoregion. 1's represent MEOW ecoregions that intersected with a Veron ecoregion that was predicted to contain the coral species. 2's represent MEOW ecoregions that intersected with a Veron ecoregion that is confirmed to have the coral species. The 'sum' field is the total number of corals predicted or confirmed to be within the MEOW ecoregion. </SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of Protected Resources (OPR).
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>The dataset was created by looking at the intersection of Veron's coral distribution maps with each MEOW ecoregion. 1's represent MEOW ecoregions that intersected with a Veron ecoregion that was predicted to contain the coral species. 2's represent MEOW ecoregions that intersected with a Veron ecoregion that is confirmed to have the coral species. The 'sum' field is the total number of corals predicted or confirmed to be within the MEOW ecoregion. </SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of Protected Resources (OPR).
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>The dataset was created by looking at the intersection of Veron's coral distribution maps with each MEOW ecoregion. 1's represent MEOW ecoregions that intersected with a Veron ecoregion that was predicted to contain the coral species. 2's represent MEOW ecoregions that intersected with a Veron ecoregion that is confirmed to have the coral species. The 'sum' field is the total number of corals predicted or confirmed to be within the MEOW ecoregion. </SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of Protected Resources (OPR).
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>The dataset was created by looking at the intersection of Veron's coral distribution maps with each MEOW ecoregion. 1's represent MEOW ecoregions that intersected with a Veron ecoregion that was predicted to contain the coral species. 2's represent MEOW ecoregions that intersected with a Veron ecoregion that is confirmed to have the coral species. The 'sum' field is the total number of corals predicted or confirmed to be within the MEOW ecoregion. </SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of Protected Resources (OPR).
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>The dataset was created by looking at the intersection of Veron's coral distribution maps with each MEOW ecoregion. 1's represent MEOW ecoregions that intersected with a Veron ecoregion that was predicted to contain the coral species. 2's represent MEOW ecoregions that intersected with a Veron ecoregion that is confirmed to have the coral species. The 'sum' field is the total number of corals predicted or confirmed to be within the MEOW ecoregion. </SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of Protected Resources (OPR).
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>The dataset was created by looking at the intersection of Veron's coral distribution maps with each MEOW ecoregion. 1's represent MEOW ecoregions that intersected with a Veron ecoregion that was predicted to contain the coral species. 2's represent MEOW ecoregions that intersected with a Veron ecoregion that is confirmed to have the coral species. The 'sum' field is the total number of corals predicted or confirmed to be within the MEOW ecoregion. </SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of Protected Resources (OPR).
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>The dataset was created by looking at the intersection of Veron's coral distribution maps with each MEOW ecoregion. 1's represent MEOW ecoregions that intersected with a Veron ecoregion that was predicted to contain the coral species. 2's represent MEOW ecoregions that intersected with a Veron ecoregion that is confirmed to have the coral species. The 'sum' field is the total number of corals predicted or confirmed to be within the MEOW ecoregion. </SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of Protected Resources (OPR).
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>The dataset was created by looking at the intersection of Veron's coral distribution maps with each MEOW ecoregion. 1's represent MEOW ecoregions that intersected with a Veron ecoregion that was predicted to contain the coral species. 2's represent MEOW ecoregions that intersected with a Veron ecoregion that is confirmed to have the coral species. The 'sum' field is the total number of corals predicted or confirmed to be within the MEOW ecoregion. </SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of Protected Resources (OPR).
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>The dataset was created by looking at the intersection of Veron's coral distribution maps with each MEOW ecoregion. 1's represent MEOW ecoregions that intersected with a Veron ecoregion that was predicted to contain the coral species. 2's represent MEOW ecoregions that intersected with a Veron ecoregion that is confirmed to have the coral species. The 'sum' field is the total number of corals predicted or confirmed to be within the MEOW ecoregion. </SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of Protected Resources (OPR).
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>The dataset was created by looking at the intersection of Veron's coral distribution maps with each MEOW ecoregion. 1's represent MEOW ecoregions that intersected with a Veron ecoregion that was predicted to contain the coral species. 2's represent MEOW ecoregions that intersected with a Veron ecoregion that is confirmed to have the coral species. The 'sum' field is the total number of corals predicted or confirmed to be within the MEOW ecoregion. </SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of Protected Resources (OPR).
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>The dataset was created by looking at the intersection of Veron's coral distribution maps with each MEOW ecoregion. 1's represent MEOW ecoregions that intersected with a Veron ecoregion that was predicted to contain the coral species. 2's represent MEOW ecoregions that intersected with a Veron ecoregion that is confirmed to have the coral species. The 'sum' field is the total number of corals predicted or confirmed to be within the MEOW ecoregion. </SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of Protected Resources (OPR).
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>The dataset was created by looking at the intersection of Veron's coral distribution maps with each MEOW ecoregion. 1's represent MEOW ecoregions that intersected with a Veron ecoregion that was predicted to contain the coral species. 2's represent MEOW ecoregions that intersected with a Veron ecoregion that is confirmed to have the coral species. The 'sum' field is the total number of corals predicted or confirmed to be within the MEOW ecoregion. </SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of Protected Resources (OPR).
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>The dataset was created by looking at the intersection of Veron's coral distribution maps with each MEOW ecoregion. 1's represent MEOW ecoregions that intersected with a Veron ecoregion that was predicted to contain the coral species. 2's represent MEOW ecoregions that intersected with a Veron ecoregion that is confirmed to have the coral species. The 'sum' field is the total number of corals predicted or confirmed to be within the MEOW ecoregion. </SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of Protected Resources (OPR).
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>The dataset was created by looking at the intersection of Veron's coral distribution maps with each MEOW ecoregion. 1's represent MEOW ecoregions that intersected with a Veron ecoregion that was predicted to contain the coral species. 2's represent MEOW ecoregions that intersected with a Veron ecoregion that is confirmed to have the coral species. The 'sum' field is the total number of corals predicted or confirmed to be within the MEOW ecoregion. </SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of Protected Resources (OPR).
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>The dataset was created by looking at the intersection of Veron's coral distribution maps with each MEOW ecoregion. 1's represent MEOW ecoregions that intersected with a Veron ecoregion that was predicted to contain the coral species. 2's represent MEOW ecoregions that intersected with a Veron ecoregion that is confirmed to have the coral species. The 'sum' field is the total number of corals predicted or confirmed to be within the MEOW ecoregion. </SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of Protected Resources (OPR).
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Abundance of a coral species rated on the following scale:</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>N: Not present VR: Very Rare R: Rare UC: Uncommon C: Common VC: Very Common NU: Near Ubiquitous </SPAN></P><P><SPAN /></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of Protected Resources (OPR
Copyright Text: United Nations Environment Programme (2020). Projections of Future Coral Bleaching Conditions using IPCC CMIP6 Models: Climate Policy Implications, Management Applications, and Regional Seas Summaries. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of Protected Resources (OPR).
Name: Projected Timing of Annual Severe Coral Bleaching Under SSPP 8.5
Display Field:
Type: Raster Layer
Geometry Type: null
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>The purpose of this datais threefold: 1. To present projections of coral bleaching conditions (i.e., exposure to the primary climate threat to coral reefs) and potential adaptation at a spatial scale that enables use of the data in management and conservation planning and in support of other decisions influencing coral reefs and reef use; 2. To evaluate the implications of the Paris Agreement as well as failure to achieve its goal, by comparing the projected timing of annual severe bleaching between Shared Socioeconomic Pathways SSP5-8.5 and SSP2-4.5; and 3. To provide public access to the projections data as well as the main findings to catalyze research that extends the purposes and applications described in 1 and 2, and informs new research.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: United Nations Environment Programme (2020). Projections of Future Coral Bleaching Conditions using IPCC CMIP6 Models: Climate Policy Implications, Management Applications, and Regional Seas Summaries. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya.
Name: Projected Timing of Annual Severe Coral Bleaching Under SSPP 4.5
Display Field:
Type: Raster Layer
Geometry Type: null
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>The purpose of this datais threefold: 1. To present projections of coral bleaching conditions (i.e., exposure to the primary climate threat to coral reefs) and potential adaptation at a spatial scale that enables use of the data in management and conservation planning and in support of other decisions influencing coral reefs and reef use; 2. To evaluate the implications of the Paris Agreement as well as failure to achieve its goal, by comparing the projected timing of annual severe bleaching between Shared Socioeconomic Pathways SSP5-8.5 and SSP2-4.5; and 3. To provide public access to the projections data as well as the main findings to catalyze research that extends the purposes and applications described in 1 and 2, and informs new research.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: United Nations Environment Programme (2020). Projections of Future Coral Bleaching Conditions using IPCC CMIP6 Models: Climate Policy Implications, Management Applications, and Regional Seas Summaries. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya.
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Scleractinian corals, the main framework builders of coral reefs, are in serious global decline, although there remains significant uncertainty as to the consequences for individual species and particular regions. We assessed coral species richness and ranked relative abundance across 3075 depth-stratified survey sites, each < 0.5 ha in area, using a standardized rapid assessment method, in 31 Indo-West Pacific (IWP) coral ecoregions (ERs), from 1994 to 2016. The ecoregions cover a significant proportion of the ranges of most IWP reef coral species, including main centres of diversity, providing a baseline (albeit a shifted one) of species abundance over a large area of highly endangered reef systems, facilitating study of future change. In all, 672 species were recorded. The richest sites and ERs were all located in the Coral Triangle. Local (site) richness peaked at 224 species in Halmahera ER (IWP mean 71 species Standard Deviation 38 species). Nineteen species occurred in more than half of all sites, all but one occurring in more than 90% of ERs. Representing 13 genera, these widespread species exhibit a broad range of life histories, indicating that no particular strategy, or taxonomic affiliation, conferred particular ecological advantage. For most other species, occurrence and abundance varied markedly among different ERs, some having pronounced “centres of abundance”. Conversely, another 40 species, also with widely divergent life histories, were very rare, occurring in five or fewer sites, 14 species of which are ranked as “Vulnerable” or “Endangered” on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Others may also qualify in these Threatened categories under criteria of small geographic range and population fragmentation, the utility of which is briefly assessed.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: DeVantier & Turak 2017 Species Richness and Relative Abundance of Reef-Building Corals in the Indo-West Pacific
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of the Directorate (OD).
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Scleractinian corals, the main framework builders of coral reefs, are in serious global decline, although there remains significant uncertainty as to the consequences for individual species and particular regions. We assessed coral species richness and ranked relative abundance across 3075 depth-stratified survey sites, each < 0.5 ha in area, using a standardized rapid assessment method, in 31 Indo-West Pacific (IWP) coral ecoregions (ERs), from 1994 to 2016. The ecoregions cover a significant proportion of the ranges of most IWP reef coral species, including main centres of diversity, providing a baseline (albeit a shifted one) of species abundance over a large area of highly endangered reef systems, facilitating study of future change. In all, 672 species were recorded. The richest sites and ERs were all located in the Coral Triangle. Local (site) richness peaked at 224 species in Halmahera ER (IWP mean 71 species Standard Deviation 38 species). Nineteen species occurred in more than half of all sites, all but one occurring in more than 90% of ERs. Representing 13 genera, these widespread species exhibit a broad range of life histories, indicating that no particular strategy, or taxonomic affiliation, conferred particular ecological advantage. For most other species, occurrence and abundance varied markedly among different ERs, some having pronounced “centres of abundance”. Conversely, another 40 species, also with widely divergent life histories, were very rare, occurring in five or fewer sites, 14 species of which are ranked as “Vulnerable” or “Endangered” on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Others may also qualify in these Threatened categories under criteria of small geographic range and population fragmentation, the utility of which is briefly assessed.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: DeVantier & Turak 2017 Species Richness and Relative Abundance of Reef-Building Corals in the Indo-West Pacific
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of the Directorate (OD).
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Scleractinian corals, the main framework builders of coral reefs, are in serious global decline, although there remains significant uncertainty as to the consequences for individual species and particular regions. We assessed coral species richness and ranked relative abundance across 3075 depth-stratified survey sites, each < 0.5 ha in area, using a standardized rapid assessment method, in 31 Indo-West Pacific (IWP) coral ecoregions (ERs), from 1994 to 2016. The ecoregions cover a significant proportion of the ranges of most IWP reef coral species, including main centres of diversity, providing a baseline (albeit a shifted one) of species abundance over a large area of highly endangered reef systems, facilitating study of future change. In all, 672 species were recorded. The richest sites and ERs were all located in the Coral Triangle. Local (site) richness peaked at 224 species in Halmahera ER (IWP mean 71 species Standard Deviation 38 species). Nineteen species occurred in more than half of all sites, all but one occurring in more than 90% of ERs. Representing 13 genera, these widespread species exhibit a broad range of life histories, indicating that no particular strategy, or taxonomic affiliation, conferred particular ecological advantage. For most other species, occurrence and abundance varied markedly among different ERs, some having pronounced “centres of abundance”. Conversely, another 40 species, also with widely divergent life histories, were very rare, occurring in five or fewer sites, 14 species of which are ranked as “Vulnerable” or “Endangered” on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Others may also qualify in these Threatened categories under criteria of small geographic range and population fragmentation, the utility of which is briefly assessed.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: DeVantier & Turak 2017 Species Richness and Relative Abundance of Reef-Building Corals in the Indo-West Pacific
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of the Directorate (OD).
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Scleractinian corals, the main framework builders of coral reefs, are in serious global decline, although there remains significant uncertainty as to the consequences for individual species and particular regions. We assessed coral species richness and ranked relative abundance across 3075 depth-stratified survey sites, each < 0.5 ha in area, using a standardized rapid assessment method, in 31 Indo-West Pacific (IWP) coral ecoregions (ERs), from 1994 to 2016. The ecoregions cover a significant proportion of the ranges of most IWP reef coral species, including main centres of diversity, providing a baseline (albeit a shifted one) of species abundance over a large area of highly endangered reef systems, facilitating study of future change. In all, 672 species were recorded. The richest sites and ERs were all located in the Coral Triangle. Local (site) richness peaked at 224 species in Halmahera ER (IWP mean 71 species Standard Deviation 38 species). Nineteen species occurred in more than half of all sites, all but one occurring in more than 90% of ERs. Representing 13 genera, these widespread species exhibit a broad range of life histories, indicating that no particular strategy, or taxonomic affiliation, conferred particular ecological advantage. For most other species, occurrence and abundance varied markedly among different ERs, some having pronounced “centres of abundance”. Conversely, another 40 species, also with widely divergent life histories, were very rare, occurring in five or fewer sites, 14 species of which are ranked as “Vulnerable” or “Endangered” on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Others may also qualify in these Threatened categories under criteria of small geographic range and population fragmentation, the utility of which is briefly assessed.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: DeVantier & Turak 2017 Species Richness and Relative Abundance of Reef-Building Corals in the Indo-West Pacific
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of the Directorate (OD).
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Scleractinian corals, the main framework builders of coral reefs, are in serious global decline, although there remains significant uncertainty as to the consequences for individual species and particular regions. We assessed coral species richness and ranked relative abundance across 3075 depth-stratified survey sites, each < 0.5 ha in area, using a standardized rapid assessment method, in 31 Indo-West Pacific (IWP) coral ecoregions (ERs), from 1994 to 2016. The ecoregions cover a significant proportion of the ranges of most IWP reef coral species, including main centres of diversity, providing a baseline (albeit a shifted one) of species abundance over a large area of highly endangered reef systems, facilitating study of future change. In all, 672 species were recorded. The richest sites and ERs were all located in the Coral Triangle. Local (site) richness peaked at 224 species in Halmahera ER (IWP mean 71 species Standard Deviation 38 species). Nineteen species occurred in more than half of all sites, all but one occurring in more than 90% of ERs. Representing 13 genera, these widespread species exhibit a broad range of life histories, indicating that no particular strategy, or taxonomic affiliation, conferred particular ecological advantage. For most other species, occurrence and abundance varied markedly among different ERs, some having pronounced “centres of abundance”. Conversely, another 40 species, also with widely divergent life histories, were very rare, occurring in five or fewer sites, 14 species of which are ranked as “Vulnerable” or “Endangered” on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Others may also qualify in these Threatened categories under criteria of small geographic range and population fragmentation, the utility of which is briefly assessed.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: DeVantier & Turak 2017 Species Richness and Relative Abundance of Reef-Building Corals in the Indo-West Pacific
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of the Directorate (OD).
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Scleractinian corals, the main framework builders of coral reefs, are in serious global decline, although there remains significant uncertainty as to the consequences for individual species and particular regions. We assessed coral species richness and ranked relative abundance across 3075 depth-stratified survey sites, each < 0.5 ha in area, using a standardized rapid assessment method, in 31 Indo-West Pacific (IWP) coral ecoregions (ERs), from 1994 to 2016. The ecoregions cover a significant proportion of the ranges of most IWP reef coral species, including main centres of diversity, providing a baseline (albeit a shifted one) of species abundance over a large area of highly endangered reef systems, facilitating study of future change. In all, 672 species were recorded. The richest sites and ERs were all located in the Coral Triangle. Local (site) richness peaked at 224 species in Halmahera ER (IWP mean 71 species Standard Deviation 38 species). Nineteen species occurred in more than half of all sites, all but one occurring in more than 90% of ERs. Representing 13 genera, these widespread species exhibit a broad range of life histories, indicating that no particular strategy, or taxonomic affiliation, conferred particular ecological advantage. For most other species, occurrence and abundance varied markedly among different ERs, some having pronounced “centres of abundance”. Conversely, another 40 species, also with widely divergent life histories, were very rare, occurring in five or fewer sites, 14 species of which are ranked as “Vulnerable” or “Endangered” on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Others may also qualify in these Threatened categories under criteria of small geographic range and population fragmentation, the utility of which is briefly assessed.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: DeVantier & Turak 2017 Species Richness and Relative Abundance of Reef-Building Corals in the Indo-West Pacific
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of the Directorate (OD).
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Scleractinian corals, the main framework builders of coral reefs, are in serious global decline, although there remains significant uncertainty as to the consequences for individual species and particular regions. We assessed coral species richness and ranked relative abundance across 3075 depth-stratified survey sites, each < 0.5 ha in area, using a standardized rapid assessment method, in 31 Indo-West Pacific (IWP) coral ecoregions (ERs), from 1994 to 2016. The ecoregions cover a significant proportion of the ranges of most IWP reef coral species, including main centres of diversity, providing a baseline (albeit a shifted one) of species abundance over a large area of highly endangered reef systems, facilitating study of future change. In all, 672 species were recorded. The richest sites and ERs were all located in the Coral Triangle. Local (site) richness peaked at 224 species in Halmahera ER (IWP mean 71 species Standard Deviation 38 species). Nineteen species occurred in more than half of all sites, all but one occurring in more than 90% of ERs. Representing 13 genera, these widespread species exhibit a broad range of life histories, indicating that no particular strategy, or taxonomic affiliation, conferred particular ecological advantage. For most other species, occurrence and abundance varied markedly among different ERs, some having pronounced “centres of abundance”. Conversely, another 40 species, also with widely divergent life histories, were very rare, occurring in five or fewer sites, 14 species of which are ranked as “Vulnerable” or “Endangered” on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Others may also qualify in these Threatened categories under criteria of small geographic range and population fragmentation, the utility of which is briefly assessed.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: DeVantier & Turak 2017 Species Richness and Relative Abundance of Reef-Building Corals in the Indo-West Pacific
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of the Directorate (OD).
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Scleractinian corals, the main framework builders of coral reefs, are in serious global decline, although there remains significant uncertainty as to the consequences for individual species and particular regions. We assessed coral species richness and ranked relative abundance across 3075 depth-stratified survey sites, each < 0.5 ha in area, using a standardized rapid assessment method, in 31 Indo-West Pacific (IWP) coral ecoregions (ERs), from 1994 to 2016. The ecoregions cover a significant proportion of the ranges of most IWP reef coral species, including main centres of diversity, providing a baseline (albeit a shifted one) of species abundance over a large area of highly endangered reef systems, facilitating study of future change. In all, 672 species were recorded. The richest sites and ERs were all located in the Coral Triangle. Local (site) richness peaked at 224 species in Halmahera ER (IWP mean 71 species Standard Deviation 38 species). Nineteen species occurred in more than half of all sites, all but one occurring in more than 90% of ERs. Representing 13 genera, these widespread species exhibit a broad range of life histories, indicating that no particular strategy, or taxonomic affiliation, conferred particular ecological advantage. For most other species, occurrence and abundance varied markedly among different ERs, some having pronounced “centres of abundance”. Conversely, another 40 species, also with widely divergent life histories, were very rare, occurring in five or fewer sites, 14 species of which are ranked as “Vulnerable” or “Endangered” on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Others may also qualify in these Threatened categories under criteria of small geographic range and population fragmentation, the utility of which is briefly assessed.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: DeVantier & Turak 2017 Species Richness and Relative Abundance of Reef-Building Corals in the Indo-West Pacific
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of the Directorate (OD).
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Scleractinian corals, the main framework builders of coral reefs, are in serious global decline, although there remains significant uncertainty as to the consequences for individual species and particular regions. We assessed coral species richness and ranked relative abundance across 3075 depth-stratified survey sites, each < 0.5 ha in area, using a standardized rapid assessment method, in 31 Indo-West Pacific (IWP) coral ecoregions (ERs), from 1994 to 2016. The ecoregions cover a significant proportion of the ranges of most IWP reef coral species, including main centres of diversity, providing a baseline (albeit a shifted one) of species abundance over a large area of highly endangered reef systems, facilitating study of future change. In all, 672 species were recorded. The richest sites and ERs were all located in the Coral Triangle. Local (site) richness peaked at 224 species in Halmahera ER (IWP mean 71 species Standard Deviation 38 species). Nineteen species occurred in more than half of all sites, all but one occurring in more than 90% of ERs. Representing 13 genera, these widespread species exhibit a broad range of life histories, indicating that no particular strategy, or taxonomic affiliation, conferred particular ecological advantage. For most other species, occurrence and abundance varied markedly among different ERs, some having pronounced “centres of abundance”. Conversely, another 40 species, also with widely divergent life histories, were very rare, occurring in five or fewer sites, 14 species of which are ranked as “Vulnerable” or “Endangered” on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Others may also qualify in these Threatened categories under criteria of small geographic range and population fragmentation, the utility of which is briefly assessed.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: DeVantier & Turak 2017 Species Richness and Relative Abundance of Reef-Building Corals in the Indo-West Pacific
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of the Directorate (OD).
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Scleractinian corals, the main framework builders of coral reefs, are in serious global decline, although there remains significant uncertainty as to the consequences for individual species and particular regions. We assessed coral species richness and ranked relative abundance across 3075 depth-stratified survey sites, each < 0.5 ha in area, using a standardized rapid assessment method, in 31 Indo-West Pacific (IWP) coral ecoregions (ERs), from 1994 to 2016. The ecoregions cover a significant proportion of the ranges of most IWP reef coral species, including main centres of diversity, providing a baseline (albeit a shifted one) of species abundance over a large area of highly endangered reef systems, facilitating study of future change. In all, 672 species were recorded. The richest sites and ERs were all located in the Coral Triangle. Local (site) richness peaked at 224 species in Halmahera ER (IWP mean 71 species Standard Deviation 38 species). Nineteen species occurred in more than half of all sites, all but one occurring in more than 90% of ERs. Representing 13 genera, these widespread species exhibit a broad range of life histories, indicating that no particular strategy, or taxonomic affiliation, conferred particular ecological advantage. For most other species, occurrence and abundance varied markedly among different ERs, some having pronounced “centres of abundance”. Conversely, another 40 species, also with widely divergent life histories, were very rare, occurring in five or fewer sites, 14 species of which are ranked as “Vulnerable” or “Endangered” on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Others may also qualify in these Threatened categories under criteria of small geographic range and population fragmentation, the utility of which is briefly assessed.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: DeVantier & Turak 2017 Species Richness and Relative Abundance of Reef-Building Corals in the Indo-West Pacific
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of the Directorate (OD).
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Scleractinian corals, the main framework builders of coral reefs, are in serious global decline, although there remains significant uncertainty as to the consequences for individual species and particular regions. We assessed coral species richness and ranked relative abundance across 3075 depth-stratified survey sites, each < 0.5 ha in area, using a standardized rapid assessment method, in 31 Indo-West Pacific (IWP) coral ecoregions (ERs), from 1994 to 2016. The ecoregions cover a significant proportion of the ranges of most IWP reef coral species, including main centres of diversity, providing a baseline (albeit a shifted one) of species abundance over a large area of highly endangered reef systems, facilitating study of future change. In all, 672 species were recorded. The richest sites and ERs were all located in the Coral Triangle. Local (site) richness peaked at 224 species in Halmahera ER (IWP mean 71 species Standard Deviation 38 species). Nineteen species occurred in more than half of all sites, all but one occurring in more than 90% of ERs. Representing 13 genera, these widespread species exhibit a broad range of life histories, indicating that no particular strategy, or taxonomic affiliation, conferred particular ecological advantage. For most other species, occurrence and abundance varied markedly among different ERs, some having pronounced “centres of abundance”. Conversely, another 40 species, also with widely divergent life histories, were very rare, occurring in five or fewer sites, 14 species of which are ranked as “Vulnerable” or “Endangered” on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Others may also qualify in these Threatened categories under criteria of small geographic range and population fragmentation, the utility of which is briefly assessed.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: DeVantier & Turak 2017 Species Richness and Relative Abundance of Reef-Building Corals in the Indo-West Pacific
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of the Directorate (OD).
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Scleractinian corals, the main framework builders of coral reefs, are in serious global decline, although there remains significant uncertainty as to the consequences for individual species and particular regions. We assessed coral species richness and ranked relative abundance across 3075 depth-stratified survey sites, each < 0.5 ha in area, using a standardized rapid assessment method, in 31 Indo-West Pacific (IWP) coral ecoregions (ERs), from 1994 to 2016. The ecoregions cover a significant proportion of the ranges of most IWP reef coral species, including main centres of diversity, providing a baseline (albeit a shifted one) of species abundance over a large area of highly endangered reef systems, facilitating study of future change. In all, 672 species were recorded. The richest sites and ERs were all located in the Coral Triangle. Local (site) richness peaked at 224 species in Halmahera ER (IWP mean 71 species Standard Deviation 38 species). Nineteen species occurred in more than half of all sites, all but one occurring in more than 90% of ERs. Representing 13 genera, these widespread species exhibit a broad range of life histories, indicating that no particular strategy, or taxonomic affiliation, conferred particular ecological advantage. For most other species, occurrence and abundance varied markedly among different ERs, some having pronounced “centres of abundance”. Conversely, another 40 species, also with widely divergent life histories, were very rare, occurring in five or fewer sites, 14 species of which are ranked as “Vulnerable” or “Endangered” on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Others may also qualify in these Threatened categories under criteria of small geographic range and population fragmentation, the utility of which is briefly assessed.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: DeVantier & Turak 2017 Species Richness and Relative Abundance of Reef-Building Corals in the Indo-West Pacific
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of the Directorate (OD).
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Scleractinian corals, the main framework builders of coral reefs, are in serious global decline, although there remains significant uncertainty as to the consequences for individual species and particular regions. We assessed coral species richness and ranked relative abundance across 3075 depth-stratified survey sites, each < 0.5 ha in area, using a standardized rapid assessment method, in 31 Indo-West Pacific (IWP) coral ecoregions (ERs), from 1994 to 2016. The ecoregions cover a significant proportion of the ranges of most IWP reef coral species, including main centres of diversity, providing a baseline (albeit a shifted one) of species abundance over a large area of highly endangered reef systems, facilitating study of future change. In all, 672 species were recorded. The richest sites and ERs were all located in the Coral Triangle. Local (site) richness peaked at 224 species in Halmahera ER (IWP mean 71 species Standard Deviation 38 species). Nineteen species occurred in more than half of all sites, all but one occurring in more than 90% of ERs. Representing 13 genera, these widespread species exhibit a broad range of life histories, indicating that no particular strategy, or taxonomic affiliation, conferred particular ecological advantage. For most other species, occurrence and abundance varied markedly among different ERs, some having pronounced “centres of abundance”. Conversely, another 40 species, also with widely divergent life histories, were very rare, occurring in five or fewer sites, 14 species of which are ranked as “Vulnerable” or “Endangered” on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Others may also qualify in these Threatened categories under criteria of small geographic range and population fragmentation, the utility of which is briefly assessed.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: DeVantier & Turak 2017 Species Richness and Relative Abundance of Reef-Building Corals in the Indo-West Pacific
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of the Directorate (OD).
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Scleractinian corals, the main framework builders of coral reefs, are in serious global decline, although there remains significant uncertainty as to the consequences for individual species and particular regions. We assessed coral species richness and ranked relative abundance across 3075 depth-stratified survey sites, each < 0.5 ha in area, using a standardized rapid assessment method, in 31 Indo-West Pacific (IWP) coral ecoregions (ERs), from 1994 to 2016. The ecoregions cover a significant proportion of the ranges of most IWP reef coral species, including main centres of diversity, providing a baseline (albeit a shifted one) of species abundance over a large area of highly endangered reef systems, facilitating study of future change. In all, 672 species were recorded. The richest sites and ERs were all located in the Coral Triangle. Local (site) richness peaked at 224 species in Halmahera ER (IWP mean 71 species Standard Deviation 38 species). Nineteen species occurred in more than half of all sites, all but one occurring in more than 90% of ERs. Representing 13 genera, these widespread species exhibit a broad range of life histories, indicating that no particular strategy, or taxonomic affiliation, conferred particular ecological advantage. For most other species, occurrence and abundance varied markedly among different ERs, some having pronounced “centres of abundance”. Conversely, another 40 species, also with widely divergent life histories, were very rare, occurring in five or fewer sites, 14 species of which are ranked as “Vulnerable” or “Endangered” on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Others may also qualify in these Threatened categories under criteria of small geographic range and population fragmentation, the utility of which is briefly assessed.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: DeVantier & Turak 2017 Species Richness and Relative Abundance of Reef-Building Corals in the Indo-West Pacific
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of the Directorate (OD).
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Scleractinian corals, the main framework builders of coral reefs, are in serious global decline, although there remains significant uncertainty as to the consequences for individual species and particular regions. We assessed coral species richness and ranked relative abundance across 3075 depth-stratified survey sites, each < 0.5 ha in area, using a standardized rapid assessment method, in 31 Indo-West Pacific (IWP) coral ecoregions (ERs), from 1994 to 2016. The ecoregions cover a significant proportion of the ranges of most IWP reef coral species, including main centres of diversity, providing a baseline (albeit a shifted one) of species abundance over a large area of highly endangered reef systems, facilitating study of future change. In all, 672 species were recorded. The richest sites and ERs were all located in the Coral Triangle. Local (site) richness peaked at 224 species in Halmahera ER (IWP mean 71 species Standard Deviation 38 species). Nineteen species occurred in more than half of all sites, all but one occurring in more than 90% of ERs. Representing 13 genera, these widespread species exhibit a broad range of life histories, indicating that no particular strategy, or taxonomic affiliation, conferred particular ecological advantage. For most other species, occurrence and abundance varied markedly among different ERs, some having pronounced “centres of abundance”. Conversely, another 40 species, also with widely divergent life histories, were very rare, occurring in five or fewer sites, 14 species of which are ranked as “Vulnerable” or “Endangered” on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Others may also qualify in these Threatened categories under criteria of small geographic range and population fragmentation, the utility of which is briefly assessed.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: DeVantier & Turak 2017 Species Richness and Relative Abundance of Reef-Building Corals in the Indo-West Pacific
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of the Directorate (OD).
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>This group provides an overview of the various threats to corals that exist within the Indo-Pacific region. Threats including ocean acidification, bleaching, development, pollution and fishing pressures. </SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of Protected Resources (OPR).
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Reef grid cells have been classified by estimated threat from coastal development. The threat to coral reefs from coastal development was modeled based on size of cities, ports, and airports; size and density of hotels; and coastal population pressure (a combination of population density, growth, and tourism growth). Values of 0 indicate low threat, 100 indicate medium threat, 1000 indicate high threat.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: Burke, Lauretta & Reytar, Katie & Spalding, Mark & Perry, Allison. (2011). Reefs at Risk Revisited.
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><P><SPAN>Reef grid cells have been classified by estimated threat from marine-based pollution and damage. The indicator of threat from marine-based pollution and damage was based on the size and volume of commercial shipping ports, size and volume of cruise ship ports, intensity of shipping traffic, and the location of oil infrastructure. Values of 0 indicate low threat, 100 indicate medium threat, 1000 indicate high threat.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: Burke, Lauretta & Reytar, Katie & Spalding, Mark & Perry, Allison. (2011). Reefs at Risk Revisited.
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><P><SPAN>Reef grid cells have been classified by estimated threat from watershed-based pollution. The threat to reefs from land-based pollutants was modeled for over 300,000 watersheds (catchments) discharging to coastal waters. Relative erosion rates were estimated across the landcape based on slope, land cover type, precipitation, and soil type. Sediment delivery at the river mouth was estimated based on total erosion in the watershed, adjusted for the sediment delivery ratio (based on watershed size) and sediment trapping by dams and mangroves. Sediment plume dispersion was modeled using a linear decay rate from the river mouth and was calibrated against actual sediment plumes observed from satellite data. Values of 0 indicate low threat, 100 indicate medium threat, 1000 indicate high threat.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: Burke, Lauretta & Reytar, Katie & Spalding, Mark & Perry, Allison. (2011). Reefs at Risk Revisited.
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Global locations of blast (dynamite) fishing based on observational data and expert opinion (1 km grid).</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: Burke, Lauretta & Reytar, Katie & Spalding, Mark & Perry, Allison. (2011). Reefs at Risk Revisited.
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><P><SPAN>Global locations of blast (dynamite) or poison fishing or both based on observational data and expert opinion (1 km grid). This grid represents a combination of the poison fishing (thr_poison) and blast fishing (thr_blast) grids.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: Burke, Lauretta & Reytar, Katie & Spalding, Mark & Perry, Allison. (2011). Reefs at Risk Revisited.
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Reef grid cells have been classified by present integrated local threats to coral reefs (combined threat from coastal development, marine-based pollution and damage, watershed-based pollution, and overfishing/destructive fishing). Values of 0 indicate low threat, 100 indicate medium threat, 1000 indicate high threat, and 1500 indicate very high threat.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: Burke, Lauretta & Reytar, Katie & Spalding, Mark & Perry, Allison. (2011). Reefs at Risk Revisited.
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>The Human Impacts on Oceans data set identifies the areas of the oceans that are most- and least- impacted by human stressors. This 5 km resolution global map was created by Stanford University (Stanford), Imperial College London (Imperial), and University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB). This study considered 20 ocean ecosystem types and 19 stressors. The 19 stressors considered were artisanal fishing, 5 types of commercial fishing (pelagic vs. demersal, high vs. lowbycatch, destructive of habitat vs. nondestructive), commercial shipping, inorganic pollution, organic pollution, nutrient pollution, ocean-based pollution, light pollution, invasive species, 4 climate-change stressors (warming, acidification, sea-level rise, UV changes), direct human use, and oil rigs. Stressor inputs into the model come from data sets for years ranging from 1981 to 2013. The sensitivity of each ecosystem type to each stressor was determined by surveying 135 experts from 19 countries, and these sensitivities were used to weight the impacts of the stressors in different areas of the ocean.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN /></P><P><SPAN>Modeling the vulnerability of ecosystems is challenging for many reasons. Ecosystem response to different stressors is often simplified for model development and the combined effects of multiple stressors on an ecosystem are not always well-understood. Additionally, relevant data may be missing or contain errors. Ignoring this uncertainty can lead to poor ocean management decisions. This map identifies regions of the oceans with high and low human impacts that were robust to these uncertainties, meaning that these areas were identified as being highly or minimally impacted by humans in simulations run over a range of plausible ecological conditions.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN /></P><P><SPAN>Seven different factors of uncertainty were tested in 3000 simulations, each of which produced a map of the human impact on different parts of the ocean. Within each map, the 25% of ocean areas with the highest and lowest human impacts, respectively, were identified. The number of times each grid cell was categorized as a high-impact area or a low-impact area was counted. This map shows grid cells that were identified in each category in 75-90% of the simulation runs (High/Low Impact Likely) and in over 90% of the simulation runs (High/Low Impact Very Likely). Resource Watch shows only a subset of the data set. For access to the full data set and additional information, see the Learn More link.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN /></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: Stock, A., Crowder, L. B., Halpern, B. S., & Micheli, F. (2018). Uncertainty analysis and robust areas of high and low modeled human impact on the global oceans. Conservation Biology.
Name: Near Surface Aragonite Saturation State (Projected 2050)
Display Field:
Type: Raster Layer
Geometry Type: null
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Grid reflects locations of estimated aragonite saturation state under a CO2 stabilization level of 500 ppm. This level is approximately equivalent to year 2050 under a CO2 emissions scenario that is slightly more conservative (i.e., optimistic) than IPCC "business-as-usual". The indicator of ocean acidification is the projected saturation level of aragonite, the form of calcium carbonate that corals use to build their skeletons. As dissolved CO2 levels increase, the aragonite saturation state decreases, which makes it more difficult for coral to build their skeletons. Aragonite saturation states of less than 3.0 are extremely marginal for coral growth. See the Reefs at Risk Revisited report and technical notes for more information.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: Adapted from Cao, L. and K. Caldeira. 2008. "Atmospheric CO2 Stabilization and Ocean Acidification." Geophysical Research Letters 35: L19609 for use in the Reefs at Risk Revisited project.
Name: Global Nitrogen Concentration from Human Sources (log10gN)
Display Field:
Type: Raster Layer
Geometry Type: null
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>We use a new high-resolution geospatial model to measure and map nitrogen (N) and pathogen—fecal indicator organisms (FIO)—inputs from human sewage for ~135,000 watersheds globally. Because solutions depend on the source, we separate nitrogen and pathogen inputs from sewer, septic, and direct inputs. Our model indicates that wastewater adds 6.2Tg nitrogen into coastal waters, which is approximately 40% of total nitrogen from agriculture. Of total wastewater N, 63% (3.9Tg N) comes from sewered systems, 5% (0.3Tg N) from septic, and 32% (2.0Tg N) from direct input. We find that just 25 watersheds contribute nearly half of all wastewater N, but wastewater impacts most coastlines globally, with sewered, septic, and untreated wastewater inputs varying greatly across watersheds and by country. Importantly, model results find that 58% of coral and 88% of seagrass beds are exposed to wastewater N input. Across watersheds, N and FIO inputs are generally correlated. However, our model identifies important fine-grained spatial heterogeneity that highlight potential tradeoffs and synergies essential for management actions. Reducing impacts of nitrogen and pathogens on coastal ecosystems requires a greater focus on where wastewater inputs vary across the planet. Researchers and practitioners can also overlay these global, high resolution, wastewater input maps with maps describing the distribution of habitats and species, including humans, to determine the where the impacts of wastewater pressures are highest. This will help prioritize conservation efforts. Without such information, coastal ecosystems and the human communities that depend on them will remain imperiled.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: Tuholske, Cascade, et al. "Mapping global inputs and impacts from of human sewage in coastal ecosystems." PloS one 16.11 (2021): e0258898.
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>This dataset estimates the level of connectivity between each area containing coral reefs and other such areas. Connectivity refers to the extent to which populations are linked by the exchange of eggs, larval recruits, juveniles, or adults—an exchange which is primarily conducted via ocean currents. A coral larvae dispersal probability model developed by Wood et al. was applied by the 50 Reefs Project to simulate coral exchange between 2003 and 2011, ultimately yielding connectivity estimates globally at 0.05° resolution. These estimates were based on potential dispersal only; settlement and post-settlement survival were not modelled.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN /></P><P><SPAN>Connectivity within and between protected areas is important for maintaining diversity, fish stocks, and especially important for maintaining ecological resilience. While poorly understood, it is a key factor to consider in marine reserve design as it may enhance resilience to disturbance and be important for the persistence of populations. Both of these are important processes in the context of conservation planning under climate change, the dominant threat to coral reefs in the coming decades. Even if the goals of the Paris Climate Agreement are achieved, 70-90% of coral reef areas are likely to cease to be suitable for coral growth by mid-century. Coral communities that survive will play a key role in the regeneration of reefs by mid-to-late century.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN /></P><P><SPAN>The purpose of the 50 Reefs Project was to develop a long-term strategic plan for the conservation of coral reefs by identifying 50 large (500 km²) regions that are the least vulnerable to climate change and which are positioned to facilitate natural coral reef regeneration. These locations constitute important opportunities for novel conservation investments to secure less vulnerable yet well-connected coral reefs that may help to repopulate degraded areas after the climate has stabilized. The strategy and actions proposed by the project should strengthen and expand existing conservation efforts for coral reefs as the world faces the long-term consequences of intensifying climate change.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: Beyer, Hawthorne L., Kennedy, Emma V., Wood, Sally, Puotinen, Marji, Skirving, William, and Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove(2019). 50 Reefs Global Coral Ocean Warming, Connectivity and Cyclone Dataset. The University of Queensland. Data Collection. https://doi.org/10.14264/uql.2019.782
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Although fishing is one of the most widespread activities by which humans harvest natural resources, its global footprint is poorly understood and has never been directly quantified. We processed 22 billion automatic identification system messages and tracked >70,000 industrial fishing vessels from 2012 to 2016, creating a global dynamic footprint of fishing effort with spatial and temporal resolution two to three orders of magnitude higher than for previous data sets. Our data show that industrial fishing occurs in >55% of ocean area and has a spatial extent more than four times that of agriculture. We find that global patterns of fishing have surprisingly low sensitivity to short-term economic and environmental variation and a strong response to cultural and political events such as holidays and closures</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: D. A. Kroodsma, J. Mayorga, T. Hochberg, N. A. Miller, K. Boerder, F. Ferretti, A. Wilson, B. Bergman, T. D. White, B. A. Block, P. Woods, B. Sullivan, C. Costello, B. Worm, Tracking the global footprint of fisheries. Science359, 904–908 (2018).
Name: Threat from Overfishing and Destructive Fishing
Display Field: VALUE
Type: Raster Layer
Geometry Type: null
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><P><SPAN>Reef grid cells have been classified by estimated threat from overfishing and destructive fishing adjusted by management effectiveness of marine protected areas (MPAs). Threats to coral reefs from overfishing were evaluated based on coastal population density and extent of fishing areas (reef and shallow shelf areas), with adjustments to account for the increased demand due to proximity to large populations and market centers. Areas where destructive fishing occurs (with explosives or poisons) were also included, based on observations from monitoring and mapping provided by experts. Pressure from overfishing or destructive fishing was reduced in MPAs rated as having effective or partially effective management sufficient to reduce this threat. Effective MPAs reduced threat by two levels, and partially effective MPAs reduced threat by one level. This results in an "adjusted" threat estimate, where values of 0 indicate low threat, 100 indicate medium threat, 1000 indicate high threat. See the technical notes for additional information.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: Burke, Lauretta & Reytar, Katie & Spalding, Mark & Perry, Allison. (2011). Reefs at Risk Revisited.
Name: Pixels that Experienced Thermal Stress (1998-2007)
Display Field: VALUE
Type: Raster Layer
Geometry Type: null
Description: Grid cells classified by estimated severe thermal stress (1998-2007). Values of 0 indicate no stress, Values of 1 indicate severe thermal stress. Severe thermal stress is defined as a NOAA Bleaching Alert Level 2 (DHW is greater than 8) that occurred at least once during the period of 1998 to 2007, or an observation of severe coral bleaching from ReefBase between 1998 and 2007. See technical notes for more information.
Copyright Text: World Resources Institute, Reefs at Risk Revisited, 2011, incorporating bleaching observations (1998-2007) from ReefBase with UNEP-WCMC Bleaching Data, WorldFish Center, www.reefbase.org, 2009; and satellite-detected thermal stress (1998-2007) from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Coral Reef Watch, Degree Heating Weeks data (calculated from NOAA’s National Oceanographic Data Center Pathfinder Version 5.0 SST dataset), http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov, 2010.
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><P><SPAN>Grid reflects the estimated frequency of severe thermal stress (NOAA Bleaching Alert Level 2) for decade 2050. Values are a percent (as integer) of the decade in which the grid cell would experience severe thermal stress under an IPCC "business-as-usual" emissions scenario. The specific indicator used in the model was the frequency (number of years in the decade) that the bleaching threshold is reached at least once. Frequencies were adjusted to account for historical sea surface temperature variability. Values range from 0 to 100. See the Reefs at Risk Revisited report and technical notes for more information.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: Adapted from Donner, S. 2009. "Coping with Commitment: Projected Thermal Stress on Coral Reefs under Different Future Scenarios." PLoS ONE 4: e5712 for use in the Reefs at Risk Revisited project.
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><P><SPAN>Reef grid cells have been classified by integrated local threats, plus thermal stress and acidification projected to 2050. Values of 0 indicate low threat, 100 indicate medium threat, 1000 indicate high threat, 1500 indicate very high threat, and 2000 indicate critical threat.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: Burke, Lauretta & Reytar, Katie & Spalding, Mark & Perry, Allison. (2011). Reefs at Risk Revisited.
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>These data show ports, shipping lanes, EEZs and Countries. Data has been sourced from MarineBoundaries and World Resource Institute. </SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of Protected Resources (OPR).
Name: Green House Gas Emissions (Standarized by Population GgC)
Display Field:
Type: Raster Layer
Geometry Type: null
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Since mid of 20th century, anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions have increased, it is very possible of being driven largely by economic and population growth, and causing the global warming. Based on the global carbon emissions data of 2014 in each country from CDIAC (Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center) and population density data in 2015 from SEDAC (Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center), the population based global carbon emissions dataset in 0.1° resolution (2014) was developed by the model of integrating population density as an economic-population composite indicator to weighted carbon emissions. The result shows the main carbon emission areas are located in the eastern United States, eastern China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia and Europe, and there are spatial differences in each region. The result can reflect spatial distribution of the current global carbon emissions and provide basic data for global change research. </SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: FAN Zhixin, SU Yun*, FANG Xiuqi. Population Based Global Carbon Emissions Dataset in 0.1°Resolution (2014). Digital Journal of Global Change Data Repository, 2017. https://doi.org/10.3974/geodb.2017.03.12.V1.
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>The World Port Index is created by the Maritime Security Office of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) to document the locations and features of major ports around the world. The Maritime Security Office requests that mariners send it corrections in plain language, which the office subsequently codes to create a consistent record of port facilities. Resource Watch shows only a subset of the data set. For access to the full data set and additional information, see the Learn More link.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: National Geospatial Intelligence Agency. 2019. "World Port Index." Accessed from https://msi.nga.mil/NGAPortal/MSI.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=msi_portal_page_62&pubCode=0015.
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><P><SPAN>Representation of commercial shipping tracks for ships participating in the WMO Voluntary Observing Ships (VOS) program. 1-km gridded dataset. The grid identifies ship tracks within the top 5% of shipping intensity globally.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: Burke, Lauretta & Reytar, Katie & Spalding, Mark & Perry, Allison. (2011). Reefs at Risk Revisited.
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Maritime Boundaries are important for many applications. In biogeography for example, a layer of EEZ-polygons could be used for the creation of species distribution lists per country.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN /></P><P><SPAN>Up to now, there is no global public domain cover available. Therefore, the Flanders Marine Institute decided to develop an own database. The database includes two global GIS-layers: one contains polylines that represent the maritime boundaries of the world countries, the other one is a polygon layer representing the Exclusive Economic Zone of countries. The database also contains digital information about treaties.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN /></P><P><SPAN>As the information, on which the database is based, is in most cases freely available over the internet, we are not planning to charge any money for the distribution of the data and are considering the database as an Open-Source project. Since Maritime Boundaries are a relatively new concept, there are still a lot of countries that didn't agree with their neighbours about their maritime boundaries; new treaties will be negotiated in the next years. Therefore, we hope that users will contribute to this database and keep us up to date of new developments of their country's boundary or other countries that they are aware of.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: Flanders Marine Institute, VLIMAR Gazetteer and VLIZ Maritime Boundaries Geodatabase. Accessed at Marineregions.org
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Maritime Boundaries are important for many applications. In biogeography for example, a layer of EEZ-polygons could be used for the creation of species distribution lists per country.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN /></P><P><SPAN>Up to now, there is no global public domain cover available. Therefore, the Flanders Marine Institute decided to develop an own database. The database includes two global GIS-layers: one contains polylines that represent the maritime boundaries of the world countries, the other one is a polygon layer representing the Exclusive Economic Zone of countries. The database also contains digital information about treaties.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN /></P><P><SPAN>As the information, on which the database is based, is in most cases freely available over the internet, we are not planning to charge any money for the distribution of the data and are considering the database as an Open-Source project. Since Maritime Boundaries are a relatively new concept, there are still a lot of countries that didn't agree with their neighbours about their maritime boundaries; new treaties will be negotiated in the next years. Therefore, we hope that users will contribute to this database and keep us up to date of new developments of their country's boundary or other countries that they are aware of.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: Flanders Marine Institute, VLIMAR Gazetteer and VLIZ Maritime Boundaries Geodatabase. Accessed at Marineregions.org
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><P><SPAN>Data within this group different economic valuations of corals from tourism and flood control. Data has been sourced The Nature Conservancy, World Resources Institute, and OceanWealth.org</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: Lauretta Burke, Mark Spalding, Shoreline protection by the world’s coral reefs: Mapping the benefits to people, assets, and infrastructure, Marine Policy, Volume 146, 2022, 105311.
Mark Spalding, Lauretta Burke, Spencer A. Wood, Joscelyne Ashpole, James Hutchison Philine zu Ermgassen." Mapping the Global Value and Distribution of Coral Reef Tourism." Marine Policy, Volume 82104-113.
Name: Number of People Avoiding Damage From Flooding per Decade
Display Field:
Type: Raster Layer
Geometry Type: null
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><P><SPAN>The maps show coastal points which summarize the number of persons (number per km of coast) in adjacent, hazard-exposed areas who are likely to be receiving protection from flooding. The hazard in the model is informed by wind and wave energy, which are indicative of threats arising both from flooding (including wave overtopping during storms) and erosion. Exposed areas include a 500m strip along all coasts, plus additional low-lying areas <5km from the shore. Population information in these hazard exposed areas is from WorldPop 2020, which provides population data over a 30′′ grid (approximately 1-km at the equator). For more details, see: Burke and Spalding (2022). Shoreline protection by the world’s coral reefs: Mapping the benefits topeople, assets, and infrastructure. Marine Policy.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: Burke and Spalding (2022). World Resource Institute and The Nature Conservancy.
Name: Economic Values (GDP-PPP) Protected From Flooding Per Decade
Display Field:
Type: Raster Layer
Geometry Type: null
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Economic value in these areas is derived from 2019 GDP converted to international dollars using Purchasing Power Parity rates, at approximately 1-km resolution.For more details, see: Burke and Spalding (2022). Shoreline protection by the world’s coral reefs: Mapping the benefits to people, assets, and infrastructure. Marine Policy.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: Burke and Spalding (2022). World Resources Institute and The Nature Conservancy.
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN><SPAN>Mapped estimates of the dollar values of coral reefs to the tourism sector. Some 70% of the world’s coral reefs are too remote to register any current value. The remainder have been split into deciles. These values are taken from the combined value of on reef values and reef adjacent values, the former including recreational diving and snorkelling and the latter including the provision of calm waters, coral sand beaches, views and seafood. </SPAN></SPAN></P><P><SPAN><SPAN>For a full description of the modeling process, please see: Mapping the global value and distribution of coral reef tourism. Spalding, M. Burke, L., Wood, S.A., Ashpole, J., Hutchison, J., zu Ermgassen, P. Marine Policy (2017).</SPAN></SPAN></P><P><SPAN><SPAN>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635</SPAN></SPAN></P><P><SPAN /></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Name: Total Number of People Visiting Coral Reef Tract Annually
Display Field: VALUE
Type: Raster Layer
Geometry Type: null
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P STYLE="margin:0 0 11 0;"><SPAN>Mapped estimates of the annual tourism and recreation visitation numbers directly attributable to the presence of coral reefs These values are taken from the combined value of on reef values and reef adjacent values, the former including recreational diving and snorkelling and the latter including the provision of calm waters, coral sand beaches, views and seafood.</SPAN></P><P STYLE="margin:0 0 7 0;"><SPAN><SPAN>For a full description of the modeling process, please see: Mapping the global value and distribution of coral reef tourism. Spalding, M. Burke, L., Wood, S.A., Ashpole, J., Hutchison, J., zu Ermgassen, P. Marine Policy (2017).</SPAN></SPAN></P><P STYLE="margin:0 0 7 0;"><SPAN><SPAN>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635</SPAN></SPAN></P><P STYLE="margin:0 0 11 0;"><SPAN /></P><P STYLE="margin:0 0 11 0;"><SPAN /></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Data within this group show the program boundaries, marine protected areas, management effectiveness and areas listed as highly important for conservation. Data has been sourced from multiple locations including The Nature Conservancy, World Resources Institute, United Nations Environment Programme and MPA Atlas.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Office of Protected Resources (OPR).
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Category 1: Recognized Coral Triangle Marine Protected Area (CTMPA)Site</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>Category 2: Effectively Managed Regional Site</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>Category 3: Priority Development Sites</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>Category 4. Flagship Regional Sites</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>Nominations for Cat 1 and 2 are reviewed solely in-country by the NCC or its designated body, using the MPA assessment tool in place in the country. NCC will decide if a site meets National and Regional criteria for Cat 1 or 2, and the CTMPAS TWG will respect the NCC evaluation and accept the recommendation</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>Nominations for Cat 3 and 4 go through a regional-level process conducted by a Regional Advisory Group. Regional MPA TWG has the final decision on which sites will be accepted into CTMPAS under Cat 3 and 4.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>Category 4: “Flagship Sites”: These include large, already effectively managed sites that</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>have regional ecological, governance or socioeconomic importance. These are “no-regret sites”</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>that are clearly important within the system. Nominations for Flagship Sites will be reviewed</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>and approved by a regional CTMPAS Advisory Committee.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>Category 3: “Priority Development Sites”: These are sites of regional ecological,</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>governance or socioeconomic importance that are not yet effectively managed and thus need</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>additional assistance. These are also new sites added to the system as recommended by a</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>regional gap analysis because they make a specific contribution to the regional system as a</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>whole. Similar to Category 4, these are sites that are clearly of regional importance. Nominations</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>for Priority Development Sites will be reviewed and approved by a regional CTMPAS Advisory</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>Committee.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>Category 2: “Effectively Managed Regional Sites”: These are existing sites that meet</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>agreed minimum criteria for design and management effectiveness as specified in the CTMPAS</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>Framework. Nominated sites are reviewed and approved for inclusion in Category 2 by each</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>country’s National Advisory Committee based on a national management effectiveness system</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>if it exists, and the criteria set out in the CTMPAS. The national decision process may vary</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>among countries, but MPAs accepted into Category 2 should at least achieve the minimum criteria.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>15</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>Category 1: “Recognized CTMPAS Sites”: These are sites that meet the minimum data</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>requirements and are included in the CT Atlas1</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN /></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: Coral Triangle Atlas, Marine Protected Area Database.
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Shows the boundary of the coral triangle to add geographic context to threats. </SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: Flanders Marine Institute, VLIMAR Gazetteer and VLIZ Maritime Boundaries Geodatabase. Accessed at Marineregions.org
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>The composite Critical Habitat layer draws on 20 global-scale datasets, of which 12 datasets support screening of Critical Habitat in the terrestrial realm and 15 datasets support screening in the marine realm. Datasets were disaggregated into subsets if the underlying attributes aligned with different Critical Habitat criteria.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN /></P><P><SPAN>The raster layer attributes each grid cell (1×1 km) as likely or potential Critical Habitat, or unclassified based on a classification scheme reflecting biodiversity data layer alignment with IFC-PS6 Critical Habitat criteria/scenarios and inherent degree of certainty (in terms of presence on the ground).</SPAN></P><P><SPAN /></P><P><SPAN>For further information on underlying trigger features behind a likely or potential Critical Habitat value for each cell within the composite data layer please contact business-support@unep-wcmc.org.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: Brauneder KM, Montes C, Blyth S, Bennun L, Butchart SH, Hoffmann M, Burgess ND, Cuttelod A, Jones MI, Kapos V, Pilgrim J, Tolley MJ, Underwood EC, Weatherdon LV, Brooks SE, 2018. Global screening for Critical Habitat in the terrestrial realm. PloS one, 13(3), p.e0193102. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0193102
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Grid (1 km) of effective and partially effective marine protected areas (MPAs) in coral reef regions of the world. MPAs are gridded with values according to the following definitions: 10) Effective--site is managed sufficiently well that in situ threats are not undermining natural ecosystem function; 20) Partially effective--site is managed such that in situ threats are significantly lower than adjacent non-managed sites, but there may still be some detrimental effects on ecosystem function; 0) Ineffective, unknown, or no management (including areas outside of MPAs). Grid is based on the MPA_poly shapefile and was used to adjust the overfishing and destructive fishing pressure on coral reefs in the Reefs at Risk Revisited model.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: Burke, Lauretta & Reytar, Katie & Spalding, Mark & Perry, Allison. (2011). Reefs at Risk Revisited.
Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Shapefile of marine protected areas (MPAs) in coral reef regions of the world, including scores of management effectiveness. Sites were scored based on surveys and expert opinion using a 3-point scale as follows: 1) Effective--site is managed sufficiently well that in situ threats are not undermining natural ecosystem function; 2) Partially effective--site is managed such that in situ threats are significantly lower than adjacent non-managed sites, but there may still be some detrimental effects on ecosystem function; and 3) Not Effective--site is unmanaged, or management is insufficient to reduce in situ threats in any meaningful way.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Copyright Text: Burke, Lauretta & Reytar, Katie & Spalding, Mark & Perry, Allison. (2011). Reefs at Risk Revisited.